Outbreak Guidelines for High-Risk Institutions
Aaron Green, Chen Shen and Yaneer Bar-Yam
Retirement communities, dormitories, nursing homes, rehabilitation facilities, psychiatric wards, and prisons are High-Risk Institutions for diseases transmission. COVID-19 is a rapidly transmitting disease requiring hospitalization in about 20% of cases, ICU care in 10%, and resulting in death in 2-4%. Complications rapidly increase for persons 50 years old and above with comorbidities such as heart failure and coronary artery disease further increasing risk. COVID-19 can transmit even with mild symptoms (coughing, sneezing or elevated temperature) and perhaps before symptoms appear. Reducing the likelihood of transmission is imperative in high-risk institutional environments as found in China's Rencheng Prison and South Korea's Cheongdo Daenam hospital. Here are guidelines for prevention by introducing barriers to transmission from outside.
General Rules
Visitors
Discourage non-essential visitors.
Restrict points of entry and position someone at entrances to query the purpose of the visit and ask if the visitors have any symptoms, have recently travelled to areas of active transmission, or have been exposed to people with symptoms. Check for fever with non-contact IR forehead thermometer.
Visiting should be spaced at intervals to avoid crowding.
Best practices guidelines should be posted in easily readable format and relevant languages in public spaces for employees, residents and visitors to see.
Hygiene
Recommend to residents and employees to avoid directly touching high frequency touch-points. These include door handles, elevator buttons, sinks, table tops and frequently handled machinery, equipment, electronic devices and other items. Recommend electric doors, or carrying tissues, paper towels, plastic bags or other disposables.
Increase cleaning and sanitizing of all high frequency touch-points.
Increase checking and ensuring that soap dispensers and paper towels in bathrooms remain adequately supplied throughout the day.
Provide hand sanitizers at entrances, exits and high-traffic locations.
Provide tissues and sterilizing alcohol based wipes.
Employees and Corporate Environment
Educate staff and their families, as well as residents and their families, of Coronavirus transmission and prevention
Ensure employees know that when they have even mild symptoms they should not be at work locations or in-person meetings and they will be paid and not penalized for sick days. Set up a reporting system for any cases
Ensure employees have appropriate health insurance policies so that they will not be afraid to seek out care when they have symptoms, even mild ones.
Prepare for employee substitutions in case they become ill individually or collectively.
Stay abreast of current information and advisories
Replace in-person office meetings with virtual
Enhanced rules for Areas of Active Transmission
It is essential that High Risk institutions follow Safe Zone practices and remain disease free.
Visitors
Promote a Safe Zone strategy that defines the perimeter of the institution as a boundary across which contacts that may lead to viral transmission do not occur.
If at all possible, avoid outside contact and encourage the use of text, phone and videoconference to communicate.
Where visitors are necessary consider setting up a separate area for visitor meetings, including enough space for everyone to remain at a safe distance (6 ft), video links for virtual contact and glass partitions.
The use of masks (if possible N95) may be encouraged even if there are no signs of outbreak.
Deliveries should be made by single drivers who do not have symptoms of the disease and have not recently (within 14-21 days) had known exposures.
Whenever possible, no contact deliveries should be dropped off in a space that does not require entry into the facility.
It is highly advisable that people allowed entrance into high-risk institutional environment have been recently tested with negative results.
High Contact Activities, Including Dining
Prohibit gatherings and meetings and eliminate non-essential services and programs involving travel or contact.
Prohibit activities and games that involve multiple individuals handling the same objects (card games such a bridge, mahjong, billiards).
Consider limiting overly strenuous exercise which may tax cardiovascular systems and increase vulnerability to medical events.
Close shared facilities such as libraries and sitting rooms.
Where residents normally engage in excursions outside the institution, discourage or prohibit individual resident excursions outside the institution.
Strongly discourage residents from visitors.
Where excursions or visitors take place, consider the risk levels and need for careful monitoring of symptoms.
Assist residents to obtain goods and services through online ordering or arrange for safer shopping.
If possible, replace dining services with no-contact in-room food delivery service.
Where dining services are necessary
Sanitize areas of contact after each individual use, including table top, chair arm rest, menu. Or use washable or disposable tablecloths and menus.
Wait and service staff should avoid contact and proximity.
Stagger dining times to avoid crowding and sitting arrangements to avoid face-to-face dining.
Where contact is essential for service provided, careful handling protocols should be made including effective ventilation, gloves, disposable overgarments, and masks.
Employees, Facilities and Corporate Environment:
Emphasize to employees that their actions outside of work can lead to transmission of infection risking the lives of residents. Even if the disease has a low risk to them, any contact with individuals or surfaces in non-safe areas is extremely dangerous for those in the High-Risk facility. They should take responsibility and limit off-work non-safe contact to a minimum
Encourage employee adoption of Safe Space protocols at home limiting their contact and others who live with them with individuals and surfaces that are not safe and record which employees are following them.
Engage with local medical facilities to coordinate rapid testing of residents and employees for Coronavirus.
Partition facilities to separate zones, limiting employees and residents from crossing from one zone to another, so that in case one zone becomes infected, the others will not before detection and response limit contagion.
Transfers of residents in or out of the institution should follow safe space requirements with attention to point of origin, point of destination, contact with those performing the transfer, and the vehicles that are involved.
When bringing in new residents or starting new employees that are not coming from a Safe Zone quarantine for 14-21 days.
Where possible, arrange facilities for residential accommodation of employees within this or another Safe Zone.
Arrange partnerships with sister institutions to follow Safe Zone practices for transfers and response to any outbreak.
Arrange for office staff to work from home, develop protocols so that this is possible.
Avoid clustering in elevators. Elevators should not take more than half of their carrying capacity
If A/C must be used, disable re-circulation of internal air. Clean/disinfect/replace key components and filters weekly
Check the engineering design of ventilation system to determine if air flows connect air from different rooms. Develop mitigation or alternative ventilation processes.
Examine the facilities for areas with no or little ventilation such as a basement or staircase, inform residents of the potential risks of extended stays in such areas.
Deploy air purifiers using HEPA filters around the facility.
Identify internal or external facilities that can be used for 14-21 day quarantines.
Prepare plans for action if a case of Coronavirus is identified. This may include locking down every individual in the facility (or in external facilities that may be used for this purpose) so that they cannot infect each other, including employees and residents.